Playground

Interactive explorers for building intuition on ML systems. Move the dials and watch the tradeoffs.

RAG Pipeline

intermediate

Move the dials — chunk size, top-k, reranking, hybrid search — and watch retrieval quality and latency shift.

rag

Distributed Training: Device Mesh

advanced

Shard a model across GPUs with tensor, pipeline, and data parallelism plus ZeRO — and see whether it fits in memory.

distributed-training

Bias–Variance Tradeoff

beginner

Fit one model to many random samples and watch the fits scatter (variance) and drift from truth (bias) as complexity, data, and noise change.

ml-fundamentals

Bandits: Explore vs Exploit

beginner

Play four arms with greedy, ε-greedy, and UCB on the same reward draws — and watch which strategies keep cumulative regret low.

rl-basics

GRPO: Group-Relative Advantage

advanced

Score a group of responses and watch GRPO turn rewards into advantages using the group's own mean as the baseline — no critic, and it collapses when rewards agree.

rl-basicsrlhf-dpo

PPO: The Clipped Surrogate

advanced

Drag the importance ratio and flip the advantage's sign to see how PPO's clip caps each policy update inside a trust region — and where the gradient dies.

rl-basics

Self-Attention: the QKᵀ Softmax

intermediate

Pick a query token and watch softmax(QKᵀ/√d_k) decide who it attends to — slide the temperature to see the scaling that keeps gradients alive, or mask the future for autoregression.

transformers

Attention Complexity: the O(n²) Wall

intermediate

Grow the sequence length and watch full attention’s cost explode quadratically — then switch to windowed or sparse patterns and see it drop back toward linear.

transformers

RoPE: Rotary Position Embeddings

advanced

Slide the query and key positions and watch their vectors rotate — the attention score depends only on the relative gap between them, not the absolute positions.

transformers

KV Cache: the Serving Bottleneck

advanced

Size the KV cache for a real model and watch it outgrow the weights — then compare how MHA, GQA, MQA, and MLA shrink it, and quantize the cache itself.

model-serving

MoE Routing: Load Balancing & Collapse

advanced

Route a batch of tokens to experts and watch the router collapse onto a few — starving the rest and dropping tokens — until load-balancing pressure spreads them out.

mixture-of-experts

MCP: a Protocol Session, Step by Step

intermediate

Walk one Model Context Protocol session — connect, negotiate, discover tools, call one, feed the result back — and see how a poisoned tool description or an over-broad permission changes the outcome.

agentic-ai

More explorers coming soon

Interactive explorers for more ML topics — distributed training, transformers, and beyond — are on the way.