Playground
Interactive explorers for building intuition on ML systems. Move the dials and watch the tradeoffs.
RAG Pipeline
intermediateMove the dials — chunk size, top-k, reranking, hybrid search — and watch retrieval quality and latency shift.
Distributed Training: Device Mesh
advancedShard a model across GPUs with tensor, pipeline, and data parallelism plus ZeRO — and see whether it fits in memory.
Bias–Variance Tradeoff
beginnerFit one model to many random samples and watch the fits scatter (variance) and drift from truth (bias) as complexity, data, and noise change.
Bandits: Explore vs Exploit
beginnerPlay four arms with greedy, ε-greedy, and UCB on the same reward draws — and watch which strategies keep cumulative regret low.
GRPO: Group-Relative Advantage
advancedScore a group of responses and watch GRPO turn rewards into advantages using the group's own mean as the baseline — no critic, and it collapses when rewards agree.
PPO: The Clipped Surrogate
advancedDrag the importance ratio and flip the advantage's sign to see how PPO's clip caps each policy update inside a trust region — and where the gradient dies.
Self-Attention: the QKᵀ Softmax
intermediatePick a query token and watch softmax(QKᵀ/√d_k) decide who it attends to — slide the temperature to see the scaling that keeps gradients alive, or mask the future for autoregression.
Attention Complexity: the O(n²) Wall
intermediateGrow the sequence length and watch full attention’s cost explode quadratically — then switch to windowed or sparse patterns and see it drop back toward linear.
RoPE: Rotary Position Embeddings
advancedSlide the query and key positions and watch their vectors rotate — the attention score depends only on the relative gap between them, not the absolute positions.
KV Cache: the Serving Bottleneck
advancedSize the KV cache for a real model and watch it outgrow the weights — then compare how MHA, GQA, MQA, and MLA shrink it, and quantize the cache itself.
MoE Routing: Load Balancing & Collapse
advancedRoute a batch of tokens to experts and watch the router collapse onto a few — starving the rest and dropping tokens — until load-balancing pressure spreads them out.
MCP: a Protocol Session, Step by Step
intermediateWalk one Model Context Protocol session — connect, negotiate, discover tools, call one, feed the result back — and see how a poisoned tool description or an over-broad permission changes the outcome.
More explorers coming soon
Interactive explorers for more ML topics — distributed training, transformers, and beyond — are on the way.